Hints. - You may already know.

If you think you hear P it could be B, and vice versa.  If you think you hear T, it could be D, and vice versa.  If you think you hear K, it could be G, and vice versa.  These sounds come from the same location in the mouth, same tongue placement, etc. but the difference is one set is voiced and one is voiceless.

PTK (voiceless)

BDG (voiced)

When you are doing op notes or something requiring you to remember your anatomy and physiology,  you can open up a medical terminology or A&P book to the body system being dictated, that may jog your memory. 

Do you keep a notebook with tabs, organized how you like, alphabetical, or by body system, or even by doctor dictating, and write down new words?   Or put the new words in a document that you save in Word.  

When someone is ESL or talking really fast, unfortunately all the vowels sound the same, so you may need to look up all the combinations they could be:  ba, bo, bu, va, vu, di, de, dy.  Same with consonants:  ph and f, ch and sch and sh and th.  You have to think of all the possible combinations.

Keep asking though, happy to help.